DBASE II
                             Quick Reference Guide


FULL-SCREEN CURSOR MOVEMENT CODES -- ALL COMMANDS

ctrl-X moves cursor DOWN to the next field (also ctrl-F)
ctrl-E moves cursor UP to the previous field (also ctrl-A)
ctrl-D moves cursor AHEAD one character
ctrl-S moves cursor BACK one character
ctrl-G deletes character under cursor
<Rubout> or <DEL> deletes character to left of cursor
ctrl-Y blanks out current field to right of cursor
ctrl-V toggles between overwrite and INSERT modes
trl-W save changes and returns to "." prompt

IN EDIT MODE

ctrl-U toggles the record DELETE mark on and off
ctrl-C writes current record to disk and ADVANCES to next record
ctrl-R writes current record to disk and BACKS to previous record
ctrl-Q ignores changes to current record and returns to "." prompt
ctrl-W writes all changes to disk and returns to "." prompt

IN BROWSE MODE

ctrl-B pans the window RIGHT one field
ctrl-Z pans the window LEFT one field

IN MODIFY MODE

ctrl-T DELETES current line, moves all lower lines up
ctrl-N INSERTS new line at cursor position
ctrl-C scrolls down a half page
ctrl-W writes all changes to disk and returns to "." prompt
ctrl-Q ignores all changes and returns

IN APPEND MODE

<enter> terminates APPEND when cursor is in first position of 
        first field
ctrl-W writes record to disk and  moves to next record
ctrl-Q ignores current record and returns to "." prompt

CONTROL KEY STROKES OPERABLE WHEN NOT IN FULL SCREEN

ctrl-P toggles your printer ON and OFF
ctrl-R repeats last executed command
ctrl-X clears the command line without executing command
ctrl-H backspace
ctrl-M emulates a carriage return
ctrl-S starts/stops CPU operation 


VIDEO

Your KAYPRO has a variety of video attributes including reverse 
and half intensity, blinking, underlining and cursor off.  In-
structions for using these are found in you User's Manual.  In
the meantime, we've included two examples of the possibilities
with your dBASE II system.  One program, REV-ON will turn on
half-intensity reverse video and the other, REV-OFF, turns it
off.  To use, type:

                    . DO REV-ON  
                          or
                    . DO REV-OFF

at the dBASE II (.) prompt.
:C	
INSTALL

In  order to use dBASE II's Full-screen  editing  facility,  your 
terminal must be properly installed.  Many dBASE formats are pre-
installed.  If  yours is not your screen will appear jumbled when 
you  attempt to perform such full screen operations as APPEND  or 
EDIT.  To correct this you must install dBASE II by  running  the 
dBASE  II installation  program,  INSTALL.COM,  called from  your 
system as INSTALL.  Since you may diagnose your terminal's status 
at  any time by running STARTUP.PRG (called from the dBASE II "." 
prompt by entering the command DO STARTUP),  you would be wise to 
use it before attempting to INSTALL dBASE II.   It will tell  you 
if  you  need to run the installation program,  and can  be  used 
later to check the results if you do.


BRIEF HELP

> ? -- displays an expression, variable, or field. 
> ??  --  displays an expression list without a  preceeding  line 
    feed. 
> @ -- displays user formatted data on screen or printer.
> ACCEPT -- allows input of character strings into memory vari-
       ables.
> APPEND -- append information from  another dBASE II database or 
       files in Delimited or System Data format. 
> BROWSE -- full screen window viewing and editing of database.
> CANCEL -- cancels command file execution.
> CHANGE -- Non-Full-Screen edit of fields of database. 
> CLEAR -- closes databases in  use and releases  current  memory 
       variables.
> CONTINUE -- continue the searching action of a LOCATE command.
> COPY -- creates a copy of an existing database. 
> COUNT -- counts the number of records in file which  meet  some 
       criteria.
> CREATE -- creates new database.
> DELETE -- deletes a file or marks records for deletion.
> DISPLAY -- display files, database records or structure, memory 
       variables, or status. 
> DO -- executes command files or structured loops in same.
> EDIT -- initiates edit of records in a database.
> EJECT -- ejects a page on the printer.
> ELSE -- alternate path of command execution within IF.
> ENDCASE -- terminates a CASE command.
> ENDDO -- terminates DO WHILE command.
> ENDIF -- terminates an IF command.
> ENDTEXT -- terminates a TEXT command.
> ERASE -- clears the screen.
> FIND -- positions to record corresponding to key in index file.
> GO or GOTO -- positions to specific record or place in file.
> HELP -- access help file overview or specific help file entry. 
> IF -- allows conditional execution of commands.
> INDEX -- creates an index file.
> INPUT -- allows input of expressions into memory variables.
> INSERT -- insert new record in database.
> JOIN -- joins output of two databases.
> LIST  -- lists files,  database records  or  structure,  memory 
       variables, and status.
> LOCATE -- find a record that fits a condition.
> LOOP -- skips to beginning of DO WHILE command.
> MODIFY -- create and/or edit command file or  modify  structure 
       of existing database.
> NOTE or * -- allows insertion of comments in command file. 
> PACK -- erases records marked for deletion.
> QUIT -- exits dBASE and returns to operating system.
> READ  -- initiates full-screen editing of formatted  screen  by 
       accepting input into variables accessed with @ GET. 
> RECALL -- erases mark for deletion.
> REINDEX -- update existing index file.
> RELEASE -- eliminates unwanted memory  variables  and  releases 
       memory space.
> REMARK -- permits display of any characters.
> RENAME -- rename a file.
> REPLACE -- change information in record(s) or  entire  database 
       field by field.
> REPORT -- format and display a report of information.
> RESET - reset operating system after placing new disk in drive.
> RESTORE -- retrieves memory variables stored in MEM file.
> RETURN -- ends a command file.
> SAVE -- copies current memory variables to disk file. 
> SELECT -- switches between USE files in PRIMARY  and  SECONDARY 
       areas.
> SET -- sets dBASE control parameters.
> SKIP -- position forwards or backwards in database.
> SORT - write copy of database sorted on one of the data fields.
> STORE -- creates memory variables.
> SUM -- compute and display the sum of database field(s).
> TEXT -- allows output of block of text from a command file.
> TOTAL -- creates summary copy of database combining information 
       from specified fields of records meeting some criteria.
> UPDATE -- allows batch updates of a database.
> USE -- specifies  database to USE until  next  USE  command  is 
       issued.
> WAIT  -- suspends  command file  processing  until  user  input 
       received.


LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

number fields/record                   32 max
number chars/record                  1000 max
number records/database             65535 max
number chars/cstring                  254 max
accuracy numeric fields             10 digits
largest number            1.8 x 10**63 approx
smallest number          1.0 x 10**-63 approx
number current memvars                 64 max
number chars/command line             254 max
number <exp>s in SUM command            5 max
number chars in REPORT header         254 max
number fields in REPORT                24 max
number chars in index key              99 max
number of pending GETS                 64 max
number of files open at one time       16 max
length of .PRG file                 unlimited



ERRORS

BAD DECIMAL WIDTH FIELD -- Re-enter decimal part of field defin-
    ition.
    
BAD FILE NAME -- Syntax error in filename.

BAD NAME FIELD --  Redefine field name while in CREATE.

BAD TYPE FIELD -- Must be C (character), N (numeric), or
    L (logical).

BAD WIDTH FIELD -- Redefine size of data field between 1 and 255.

 *** BEYOND STRING -- Rewrite substring ($) with correct parameter.

CANNOT  INSERT - THERE ARE NO RECORDS IN DATABASE FILE -- Use the 
    APPEND command instead.

CANNOT OPEN FILE -- Check the existence or integrity of MEM or 
    HEX file.

COMMAND FILE CANNOT BE FOUND -- Check spelling and default drive.

DATA  ITEM NOT FOUND -- Rewrite REPLACE command,  or  check  file 
    structure for correct field name.

DATABASE  IN  USE  IS NOT INDEXED -- FIND is  permitted  only  on 
    indexed databases.

DIRECTORY IS FULL -- The operating system's directory cannot hold 
    anymore files.

DISK IS FULL -- No space left on disk.   Use DELETE FILE to erase 
    some unneeded files.

END  OF FILE FOUND UNEXPECTEDLY -- The database in USE is not  in 
    the correct format. dBASE isn't sure that file is a DBF file.

"FIELD" PHRASE NOT FOUND -- Rewrite CHANGE command line.

FILE ALREADY EXISTS -- Delete the unwanted file before RENAME.

FILE  DOES NOT EXIST -- Use DISPLAY FILE LIKE *.* to be sure  the 
    file exists. 

FILE  IS  CURRENTLY OPEN -- Type a USE or CLEAR command to  close 
    the file.

FORMAT FILE CANNOT BE OPENED -- Check the integrity of FMT file.

FORMAT FILE HAS NOT BEEN SET -- Set the appropriate FMT file.

ILLEGAL DATA TYPE -- SORT cannot sort on a logical field.

ILLEGAL GOTO VALUE -- Record addressed must be > 0 and < 65535.

ILLEGAL  VARIABLE  NAME  -- Only  alphanumerics  and  colons  are 
    allowed  in variable and field names.   Redefine variable  or 
    field name.

INDEX DOES NOT MATCH DATABASE -- dBASE cannot match the index key 
    with the database.  Try another index file.

INDEX FILE CANNOT BE OPENED -- Check spelling or index the data-
     base.

JOIN  ATTEMPTED  TO GENERATE MORE THAN 65,534 RECORDS -- The  FOR 
    clause  allows too many joined output records.  Make it  more 
    stringent.

KEYS ARE NOT THE SAME LENGTH -- UPDATE command requires identical 
    keys.

MACRO IS NOT A CHARACTER STRING -- Variables expanded by a  macro 
    (&) must be character (C) in content.

MORE THAN 5 FIELDS TO SUM - SUM is limited to 5 fields at a time.

MORE THAN 7 INDEX FILES SELECTED -- Maximum number of index files 
    open is seven.  Fewer will give faster performance.

NESTING  LIMIT  VIOLATION  EXCEEDED -- Cannot have more  than  16 
    command files open at once.

NO EXPRESSION TO SUM -- SUM command needs a numeric expression to 
    sum.

NO "FOR" PHRASE -- Rewrite JOIN command with correct syntax.

NO "FROM" PHRASE -- Rewrite UPDATE command with correct syntax.

NO FIND - More a diagnostic than an error message. dBASE couldn't 
    find the key. Record # has been set to 0.

NON-NUMERIC EXPRESSION -- SUM command needs a numeric  expression 
    to sum.

NOT  A  dBASE II DATABASE -- DBF file opened was not  created  by 
    dBASE.

"ON"  PHRASE  NOT FOUND -- Rewrite  UPDATE or INDEX command  with 
    correct syntax.

OUT  OF MEMORY FOR MEMORY VARIABLES -- Reduce the number or  size 
    of memory variables.

RECORD  LENGTH EXCEEDS MAXIMUM SIZE (OF 1000) -- Reduce  size  of 
    some fields or create a second database on a common key.

RECORD  NOT IN INDEX -- Index file was not updated after a record 
    was added.  Reindex the file.

RECORD  OUT OF RANGE -- Record number was called that is  greater 
    than number of records in database. If the index file is  not  
    current, reindex the file.

SORTER  INTERNAL ERROR,  NOTIFY SCDP -- Internal  error,  contact 
    ASHTON-TATE for support.

SOURCE AND DESTINATION DATA TYPES ARE DIFFERENT - Check that data 
    types are both numeric, both character, or both logical.

 *** SYNTAX ERROR *** -- dBASE doesn't understand the command.

SYNTAX ERROR IN FORMAT SPECIFICATION -- @ SAY GET PICTURE command 
    is improperly set up.

SYNTAX ERROR, RE-ENTER -- INPUT, ACCEPT, REPORT require syntacti-
    cally correct entry.  May expect a different data type.

"TO" PHRASE NOT FOUND -- Rewrite command with correct syntax.

TOO  MANY  CHARACTERS  -- (Non-Full-Screen  only.)  Data  entered 
    exceeds allotted length of field.

TOO  MANY FILES ARE OPEN -- Only 16 files of all types  (Command, 
    FMT, NDX) may be open at one time.

TOO  MANY  MEMORY VARIABLES -- There is a maximum of  64  current 
    memory variables.

TOO   MANY  RETURNS  ENCOUNTERED  -- Probably  an  error  in  the 
     structure of a command file.   Check the number and location 
     of RETURNs.

"WITH"  PHRASE NOT FOUND -- Rewrite REPLACE command with  correct 
    syntax.

UNASSIGNED FILE NUMBER -- Internal error. Contact ASHTON-TATE for 
    support.  If HELP was used,  DBASEMSG.TXT file may be missing 
    from drive.

 *** UNKNOWN COMMAND -- Check spelling.  dBASE doesn't understand 
    command.

VARIABLE CANNOT BE FOUND -- Need to create the variable, or check 
    the spelling of the field name in database structure.

 ***ZERO DIVIDE -- There was an attempt to divide a <numeric exp> 
    by zero.
                                   DBASE II
                              Keyword Definitions


dBASE II TERMINOLOGY

<commands> or <statements> - any valid dBASE command or function.

<cstring>  -- character  string(s).   In most instances  must  be 
     delimited  with single quotes (''),  double quotes (""),  or 
     brackets ([]).

<cstring  exp> -- an <exp> whose content is defined as  Character 
     in type.   May be a cstring,  a memvar or field of type C or 
     any  combination of these items concatenated with the  dBASE 
     operators.

<delimiter>  -- any non-alphanumeric character used to  demarcate 
     data, e.g., single quotes (''), double quotes (""), brackets 
     ([]), colons (::), commas (,,), etc. 

<exp> or <expression> -- an item or group of items and  operators 
     whose value can be determined by dBASE. <exp>s may be defin-
     ed as C,N, or L depending on the "type" of data they contain.
<exp list> -- a list of expressions delimited with commas.

<field> -- a record field name.

<field list> -- a list of field names delimited with commas.

<file> -- name of file you wish to create or access.

<index file> -- name of index file you wish to create or access.

<key>  -- list of field(s) or portion(s) thereof used  to  create 
     index files or sorted databases.

<memvar> -- the name of a memory variable.

<memvar list> -- list of memory variables delimited with commas.

<n> -- a number which dBASE regards as a literal value.

<numeric exp> -- an <exp> whose content is defined as Numeric.

<scope>  -- command option specifies range of records dBASE  must 
     treat  in  executing command.   <scope> has  three  possible 
     values:  ALL records in file;  NEXT <n> records in file; and 
     RECORD <n>.  Default value varies from command to command.

<skeleton>  -- allows  batch manipulation of files of  same  type 
     and/or  with matching characters in filename using operating 
     system "wild cards," ? and *. Also allows batch manipulation 
     of groups of <memvars> with matching characters in name.

<variable> -- the name of a database field or <memvar>.

                              Keyword Definitions


??

> ? -- Evaluates  and  displays  the value of an  expression.  In  
     command files (and elsewhere) can be used without expression 
     to space down a line at output.
      
                   . ? 6/3
                     2
                   . ? 'CITY'
                     CITY
                   . ? CITY (field of file in use)
                     Managua
 
> ?? -- Same as ?, but displays result on same line as entry.


@  -- (ampersand)

> @ -- Displays user formatted data on screen or printer at spec-
       ified x,y coordinates (x=line,y=column).

Syntax:

  @ <coords> [SAY <exp> [USING '<picture>']] [GET <variable> 
       [PICTURE '<picture>']]

Examples:

  @ 3,23 SAY AMOUNT * 1.06 USING '$$$,$$$.99'

  @ 14,23 SAY "ENTER PHONE" GET PHONE PICTURE '(###)###-####'

  @ LINE+2,45 SAY TOTAL USING '99999.99'


ACCEPT

>  ACCEPT  -- Prompts user to enter character string  information 
              into a designated memory variable. 

   Syntax: ACCEPT ['<prompt cstring>'] TO <memvar>

   Example:. ACCEPT "What is your name?" to NAME
             What is your name?: [user's response stored to SIN]
           . ? NAME
             [user's response displayed]  


APPEND

> APPEND FROM <file> [FOR <exp>]  or  APPEND  FROM  <file>  [SDF]
     [DELIMITED] [FOR <exp>] -- appends data  FROM  a database or 
     file  in  System  Data Format file to the database  in  use. 
     Records  marked  for  deletion in FROM <file>  will  not  be 
     appended. 

     e.g., APPEND FROM MAILLIST FOR NAME='N' 
           APPEND FROM TEST.TXT DELIMITED 
 
> APPEND BLANK -- appends a blank record to file in use.

> APPEND -- allows user to add new records to  database  in  use. 
     (If  index is also in use,  the index file is  automatically 
     updated).    


BROWSE

> BROWSE [FIELDS <field list>] -- Brings up  Full-screen  viewing 
     and editing of the database in use. 


CANCEL

> CANCEL -- In a command file,  stops command file execution  and 
     returns user to dBASE "." prompt.  

     Command file fragment:
            
        ACCEPT "What should this humble machine do next?" to NEXT
        IF NEXT = 'Q'
           CANCEL 
        ENDIF                


CHANGE

> CHANGE -- Permits Non-Full-Screen editing of database in use by 
            field. Hit ESCape key to terminate CHANGE mode.

  Syntax:  CHANGE [<scope>] FIELD <list> [FOR <exp>]

  Example: CHANGE ALL FIELD ZIP FOR ZIP = '90045'
           RECORD: 00001
           ZIP: 90045
           CHANGE? 
  (Enter  the characters to be changed and hit  return.  Add  new 
  data at the TO prompt, or hit return to go to the  next  appro-
  priate record.)      


CLEAR

> CLEAR -- closes all database in use, releases all memory  vari-
           ables, and Selects Primary work area. 

> CLEAR GETS -- commands dBASE to forget all GET statements still 
           active without erasing the screen. 


COPY

> COPY  -- Copies the database in use or only  its  structure  TO 
      another file. COPY will create the TO <file> if it does not 
      yet  exist,  but  will destroy an already existing file  of 
      that  name.   Will  not copy records marked  for  deletion. 

  Command has three forms: 
               
  COPY TO <file> [<scope>] [FIELD <list>] [FOR <exp>]
  COPY TO <file> [SDF] [DELIMITED [WITH <delimiter>]] [FOR <exp>]
  COPY TO <file> STRUCTURE [FIELD <list>]

>  COPY  TO  <file> STRUCTURE EXTENDED -- special  form  of  COPY 
      creates  database whose records represent the structure  of 
      file in use.


COUNT

> COUNT -- Counts the number of records in database in use  which 
           satisfy specified criteria. Default value is COUNT all 
           records.

  Syntax:  COUNT [scope] [FOR <exp>] [TO <memvar>]
 
  Example: COUNT NEXT 25 FOR GRADE > 'B-' TO DEANLST 


CREATE

>  CREATE [<filename>] -- Creates a new database.  User  will  be 
          prompted for file structure.

>  CREATE <newfile> FROM <oldfile> EXTENDED --  creates  database 
          whose structure is determined by the data contained  in 
          the  records  of <oldfile>.  (Used with COPY  STRUCTURE 
          EXTENDED.)


DELETE

> DELETE FILE <file> -- deletes specified file.
       
> DELETE [<scope>] [FOR <exp>] -- marks record(s)  for  deletion. 
         Records  marked for deletion (with *) will not be erased 
         until  the PACK command is given.   Records may also  be 
         marked for deletion by record number.

         Examples: DELETE ALL FOR COMPANY = 'ZMB'
                   DELETE RECORD 15


DISPLAY

> DISPLAY  FILES [ON <disk drive>]  [LIKE  <skeleton>]  -- lists 
     files on drive. For example, DISPLAY FILES ON B LIKE *.MEM.

> DISPLAY [<scope>][<field list>][FOR<exp list>][OFF] -- displays 
     records of file in use.  

> DISPLAY STRUCTURE -- displays field names,  types, lengths, and 
     decimals (structure) of file in use.

> DISPLAY MEMORY -- display names,types, and values of  all  cur-
     rently defined memory variables.

> DISPLAY STATUS -- lists databases in use,  system date, indexes 
     in use, and current parameters SET.


DO
ENDCASE
ENDDO
LOOP

> DO <file> -- opens and executes specified command file.

> DO WHILE <exp> -- used in command files to  open  a  structured 
     loop.  Commands  in  between are executed so long as the  DO        
     WHILE <exp> is found to be true.
       
  Syntax: DO WHILE <exp>      Example: USE MAILLIST
             <commands>                DO WHILE .NOT. EOF
          [LOOP]                          ? NAME
             <commands>                   ? PHONE
          ENDDO                           SKIP
                                          ENDDO

>  LOOP -- causes command file to jump processing back to the  DO 
     WHILE command. 

           Example:  USE MAILLIST
                     DO WHILE .NOT. EOF
                        IF ZIP = '90005'
                           SKIP
                           LOOP
                         ENDIF 
                           ? NAME
                           ? PHONE
                           SKIP
                      ENDDO


CASE

> DO CASE -- used in command file to choose one and only  one  of 
     several possible execution paths. OTHERWISE clause optional, 
     and  executes  when no CASE is true.  ENDCASE is  needed  to 
     close command.
      
     Example: USE MAILLIST
              ACCEPT "WHICH MENU OPTION DO YOU PREFER?" to Choice
              DO CASE                           
                 CASE Choice = '1'
                      DO Clabels 
                 CASE Choice = '2'
                      DO Cappend   
                 CASE Choice = '3'
                      DO Cedit            
                 OTHERWISE
                      Return 
              ENDCASE


EDIT

> EDIT [<record number>] -- enables selective editing of database 
       in  use by record number.  Requests record number  if  not 
       supplied.  When edit of particular record  has  been  com-
       pleted,  ctrl-W  brings back EDIT's record number   prompt 
       (ENTER  RECORD #:).   To  terminate  EDIT   mode,   answer 
       record number query with a return.


EJECT

> EJECT -- causes printer to do a form feed (page eject) if PRINT 
       is  SET  ON or FORMAT is SET TO PRINT.   When using @  SAY 
       commands for direct page formatting,  EJECT will zero  out 
       line and column counters. 


ERASE

>  ERASE -- clears the screen.   In interactive mode,  "." prompt 
       will  appear at top left corner of screen.



FIND

> FIND <cstring> -- when using indexed files,  positions to first 
       record indexed by <cstring>.



GO
GOTO

>  GO or GOTO -- positions to a specific record or place  in  the 
       database in use. Also positions to record number contained 
       in memory  variable.

  Syntax: GO or GOTO [RECORD <n>],<n>,[TOP],[BOTTOM], or <memvar>


IF
ELSE
ENDIF

> IF -- in command file, IF structure permits conditional exe-
        cution of commands. ELSE clause is optional.

  Syntax: IF <exp>             Example: IF STATE = 'CA'   
             <any statements>              DO INSTATE (CMD file)
          [ELSE                         ELSE 
             <any statements>]             DO OUTSTATE (CMD file)
          ENDIF                         ENDIF 


INDEX

> INDEX  ON <exp> TO <index file> -- creates an  index  file  for 
     database in use based upon content of field(s) or portion(s) 
     of field(s) specified by the <exp> or index <key>. 


INPUT

> INPUT ["<cstring prompt>"] TO <memvar> -- prompts user to enter 
        numeric or logical information into the designated memory 
        variable.  
        
        Example: INPUT 'Prompt user for input' TO X
                 Prompt user for input: 12 <cr>                     
                 [user input, 12, stored to X]
                 . ? X 12


INSERT

> INSERT [[BEFORE] [BLANK]] -- inserts a record into the database 
       in  use immediately after or -- with BEFORE -- before  the 
       current  record.   Presents  user  with data entry  format 
       for use file unless BLANK record is requested.  


JOIN

> JOIN  -- creates a new database by  combining  the  records  of 
       files in use in Primary and Secondary areas.   Records are 
       added where FOR <exp> evaluates as True.   Command must be 
       executed from primary area. Default value for FIELD <list> 
       is ALL.

       Syntax: JOIN TO <file> FOR <exp> [FIELDS <field list>]

       Example: . USE NAMES
                . SELECT SECONDARY
                . USE MAILLIST
                . SELECT PRIMARY
                . JOIN TO NAMEJ FOR LAST <> S.LAST  

                          (Continued in DBterm2.hlp)
                                   DBASE II
                          Keyword Definition (Cont.)


LIST

> LIST FILES [ON <disk drive>] [LIKE  <skeleton>]  --  lists  all 
       files on designated disk.  Default to logged disk.
       Example: LIST FILES ON C LIKE *.FRM

> LIST [<scope>][<field  list>] [FOR <exp list>][OFF] -- displays 
       records of file in use. Default value is ALL records.
       Example: LIST NEXT 25 NAME, PHONE FOR CONTRIB > 100 
       (i.e., NAME and PHONE of next 25 who contributed more than 
       $100.)
    
> LIST STRUCTURE -- displays structure of database in use.

> LIST MEMORY -- lists names and values of all currently  defined 
       memory variables.  

> LIST STATUS -- lists databases open,  indexes  in  use,  system 
       date, and current parameters SET.


LOCATE
CONTINUE

> LOCATE  [<scope>] FOR <exp> -- finds first record  of  database 
       for  which FOR <exp> is True.  Use CONTINUE to  find  next 
       such record.  (User may manipulate record before  resuming 
       search with CONTINUE.) 

       . LOCATE ALL FOR ZIP >= '95000' .AND. ZIP < '96000'
       RECORD: 00123
       . DISPLAY
       . CONTINUE
       RECORD: 00232    


MODIFY

>  MODIFY  STRUCTURE  -- allows user to alter  the  structure  of 
       database in use. This command will destroy all data in the 
       file in use. (To alter structure without loss of data, use 
       COPY STRUCTURE, USE, and APPEND as illustrated below.)

        . USE NAMES
        . COPY STRUCTURE TO TEMP
        . USE TEMP
        . MODIFY STRUCTURE -- no data lost since file is empty
        . APPEND FROM NAMES -- brings data into modified database
        . DELETE FILE NAMES
        . USE -- close TEMP in order to:     
        . RENAME TEMP TO NAMES

>  MODIFY COMMAND <file> -- calls dBASE's text editor and  brings 
       up or creates designated file. Primarily used for creating 
       and editing command (.PRG), text (.TXT), and format (.FMT) 
       files,  but  may be employed as a simple full screen  word 
       processor.


NOTE

> NOTE or * -- permits the insertion of comments into  a  command 
       file.  Comments  following NOTE or * will not be read when 
       file is executed.


PACK

> PACK -- erases records marked for deletion in database in  use.  
       If  index  files are in use,  they will  be  automatically 
       updated.


QUIT

> QUIT  [TO  <com file list>] --  terminates  dBASE  and  returns 
       control  to operating system.   Optionally calls  programs 
       from system level. 


READ

> READ  -- initiates  full-screen mode for entry  or  editing  of 
       variables.  The Full-screen prompts and window are created 
       by @ SAY commands with GET phrases.
            
       Command file fragment:

             STORE '          ' TO name
             STORE '          ' TO phone
             @ 4,4 SAY 'Name' GET name
             @ 6,4 SAY 'Phone' GET phone PICTURE '(###)###-####' 
             READ


RECALL

> RECALL [<scope>] [FOR <exp>] -- reinstates record(s) marked for 
       deletion within use file. Default value is current record.  



REINDEX

> REINDEX  -- allows  update of  index  files  not  automatically 
       'reindexed' after alteration of database file. 

       Example: . USE MAILLIST INDEX INDEXA
                . APPEND
                [append operations performed] 
                . SET INDEX TO INDEXB,INDEXC 
                . REINDEX


RELEASE

>  RELEASE -- erases unwanted memory variables and  opens  memory 
       space  for further use.  (<skeleton> uses ?  to  mask  any 
       single character, * to mask all remaining characters.  

       Syntax: RELEASE [<memvar list>], or [ALL]
               RELEASE ALL LIKE <skeleton>
               RELEASE ALL EXCEPT <skeleton>
                  
       Examples (where N, N1, N2, N10, V7 are variables in use):

               RELEASE ALL LIKE N?  [N10 and V7 will remain] 
               RELEASE ALL LIKE N?? [V7 will remain]
               RELEASE ALL EXCEPT ?1* [N1 and N10 will remain]


REMARK

> REMARK  -- permits the display of any  characters.  In  command 
       file character entry is output.

       Example: . REMARK abracadabara!!!
                abracadabara!!!        


RENAME

> RENAME  <file> TO  <new filename> -- renaming of  file  in  DOS 
       directory.  Unless otherwise indicated, dBASE assumes that 
       file type is DBF.  
                   
       Example: . RENAME REVIEW.FRM TO REVIEW2.FRM


REPLACE

> REPLACE -- allows user to replace contents of specified  fields 
    of database in use. If index file is keyed on field targeted 
     for  update,  index  in use will be  automatically  updated.  
     Default <scope> is current record.             

  Syntax: REPLACE [<scope>] <field> WITH <exp> [,<field2> WITH 
                         <exp2>][FOR <exp>]

  Example: . USE MXPROJ
           . REPLACE ALL COST WITH COST * 6.1 FOR ITEM = 'ELEC' 


REPORT

> REPORT -- used for creating a Report Form File (FRM) for  dis-
      playing  specified information from a database in a  user-
      defined format.  Outputs results to screen or printed page. 

      Syntax: REPORT [FORM <form file>] [<scope>][TO PRINT] 
                       [FOR <exp>] [PLAIN]


RESET

> RESET [<drive>] -- use this command after changing disks on any 
       drive other than that containing dBASE. Command resets the 
       DOS  bit  map,  allowing uninterrupted operation of  dBASE 
       program. Close all files before issuing a RESET. 


RESTORE

> RESTORE FROM <file> [ADDITIVE] -- retrieves and  activates  th 
       set of memory variables previously SAVEd to a memory file. 
       ADDITIVE  allows you to keep currently defined   variables 
       intact; otherwise they are lost. 


RETURN

> RETURN -- may be used in a command file to  return  control  to 
       the command file which called it or to dBASE "." prompt if 
       user called it.


SAVE

> SAVE TO <file> [ALL LIKE <skeleton>] or [ALL EXCEPT <skeleton>] 
       -- copies  all memory variables currently in use,  or only 
       those specified by <skeleton>,  to designated memory (MEM) 
       file.  <skeleton> uses ? to mask any single characters and 
       * to mask all remaining characters.
        
 Examples (where N1, N2, N10, V1, V2, V10 are current variables):
 
       . SAVE TO NUMBER ALL LIKE N* [saves N1, N2, N10]
       . SAVE TO NUMBER ALL LIKE N? [saves N1, N2]
       . SAVE TO NUMBER ALL EXCEPT ?1* [saves N2, V2]


SELECT
PRIMARY
SECONDARY

> SELECT [PRIMARY / secondary] -- allows user to move between the 
       two  work  areas dBASE provides,  thus permitting user  to 
       work with two databases simultaneously and maintain record 
       pointers in both.  Primary area is active upon bringing up 
       dBASE. 


SET

> SET -- sets dBASE control parameters.

         Syntax: SET <parameter> [ON or OFF]
                 SET <parameter> TO <option>

All SET commands are listed below in alphabetic order:  NOTE that 
some SETs are of the (ON/OFF) type,  and others require some user 
option  to  be given.   Default value of ON/OFF SET  commands  is 
indicated by uppercase of ON or OFF in each listing.  

      Example: SET BELL [ON/off] - default value is ON.

> SET ALTERNATE [OFF/on] -- ON sends all  screen  output  (except 
       full-screen)  to  a disk file.  (Must be preceeded by  SET 
       ALTERNATE  TO <file> command).   OFF shuts off  output  to 
       file.

>  SET BELL [ON/off] -- ON rings when invalid data is entered  or 
       data field boundary is passed.  OFF suspends ringing.

> SET CARRY [OFF/on] -- ON repeats data in  current  record  from 
       previous record when using APPEND in Full-screen mode. OFF 
       leaves field blank.

> SET COLON [ON/off] -- ON displays colons to bound  input  vari-
       ables  when  using  Full-screen  display.    OFF  suspends 
       display of colons.

> SET CONFIRM [OFF/on] -- ON disables automatic skipping to  next 
       field  when current field is  filled while in  Full-screen 
       mode.   OFF  requires a wait for <return> before going  to 
       next field.

> SET CONSOLE [ON/off] -- ON sends all  output  to  screen.   OFF 
       suspends all output to screen. System will appear dead.

> SET DEBUG [OFF/on] -- ON sends output created by ECHO and  STEP 
       options to printer. OFF sends this output to the screen.

> SET DELETED  [OFF/on] -- ON  disables  dBASE  from  FINDing  or 
       processing  records  marked for deletion with any  command 
       allowing a  <scope>,  e.g.,  LIST,  DISPLAY,  COUNT.   OFF 
       enables dBASE to see all records.

> SET ECHO [OFF/on] --  ON  enables  monitoring of  command  file 
       execution by echoing all commands to screen.  OFF sends no 
       report on execution.

> SET EJECT [ON/off] -- ON causes REPORT  command  to  perform  a 
       form-feed  (page  eject) before sending report  output  to 
       printer.  OFF disables the page eject.

> SET ESCAPE [ON/off] -- ON allows user  to  abort  execution  of 
       command file by hitting ESCape key.   OFF disables ESC key 
       interrupt.

> SET EXACT [OFF/on] -- ON requires exact matches in any compari-
       son  of  character strings (in FOR <exp>,  FIND  commands, 
       etc.).   OFF  allows matches between character strings  of 
       different lengths (in this order): 'ABCDEF'= 'ABC'. 

>  SET  INTENSITY  [ON/off] -- ON enables inverse video  or  dual 
       intensity in Full-screen operations (if allowed  by  hard-
       ware).  OFF disables these features. 

> SET LINKAGE [OFF/on]  -- ON enables movement of record pointers 
       in  both PRIMARY and SECONDARY areas,  by  commands  which 
       allow  a <scope>,  i.e.,  downward  movement   only.   OFF  
       suspends pointer linkage.

> SET PRINT [OFF/on] -- ON sends output  to  printer.  OFF  stops 
       printer output.

> SET RAW [OFF/on] --  ON  DISPLAYs  and  LISTs  records  without 
       inserting  spaces  between fields;  OFF inserts  an  extra 
       space between fields.
> SET SCREEN [ON/off] -- ON  enables  Full-screen  operation  for 
       APPEND, EDIT, INSERT, READ, and CREATE commands.  

> SET STEP [OFF/on] -- ON  aids  debugging  of  command  file  by 
       halting  execution after dBASE performs each command.  OFF 
       does not halt execution.

> SET TALK [ON/off] -- ON sends results of command  execution  to 
       screen. OFF suppresses additional screen output.

> SET ALTERNATE TO [<file>] -- creates  a  disk  file  with  .TXT 
       extension  for  saving screen  output.  SET  ALTERNATE  TO 
       closes the .TXT file.

> SET COLOR TO <n1,n2> -- sets color or CRT attribute of terminal 
       output on IBMPC, Victor, TI Professional, and IBMPC compa-
       tible terminals.  <n1> indicates desired color  or  attri-
       bute  of  dim/reverse video,  <n2> the  desired  color  or 
       attribute of normal display.  For possible <n> values, see 
       "Change Summary."  

> SET DATE TO <xx/xx/xx> -- stores a string to system  date,  but 
       does not perform date validation. 

> SET DEFAULT TO <drive> -- makes specified drive the drive where 
       dBASE will look for files when instructed.

> SET F<n> TO <'new value'> --  stores 'new value' in  buffer  of 
       function key <n> of IBM PC,  TI Professional,  Victor, and 
       IBM PC compatible terminals.  See "Change Summary" addenda 
       for default values.  

> SET FORMAT TO <SCREEN/print> -- SCREEN sends output from @  SAY 
       commands  to  screen.   PRINT  sends formatted  output  to 
       printer. 

>  SET FORMAT TO [<format file>] -- opens .FMT file  which  dBASE 
       will use to format screen for READ,  APPEND, EDIT, INSERT,  
       CREATE, @ SAY commands. SET FORMAT TO closes any open .FMT 
       file.

> SET HEADING  TO  <cstring> -- saves  <cstring>  internally  and 
       prints it as the Report header line.

> SET INDEX TO <index file list> -- sets up index files  for  use 
       with corresponding database.  First .NDX file in list will 
       be engaged as the active index; all other index files will 
       be  automatically  updated to reflect any changes  to  the 
       database.

> SET MARGIN TO <n> -- sets left hand margin of  printer  to  <n> 
       columns.



SKIP

> SKIP [-] [<n>] -- moves record pointer up or down  <n>  records 
       within the use file. Default value is +1.


SORT

>  SORT ON <field> TO <file> [ASCENDING / descending] -- writes a 
       new  copy of the database in use with all records arranged 
       in order. Uses ASCII value to determine the order  (gener-
       ally Spaces, Numbers, Uppercase, Lowercase, then Symbols).  
       SORT will not copy records marked for  deletion.   Default 
       order is ASCENDING.

       Example: . USE MAILLIST
                . SORT ON ZIP TO MAILZIP DESCENDING    


STORE

> STORE <exp> TO <memvar> -- takes the value of an expression and 
       stores it to a memory variable.

       Example: . STORE 3 to NUMBER
                  3
                . STORE NUMBER + 9 TO NUMBER2
                  12
                . STORE 'HOWARD' TO NAME
                  HOWARD
                . ? NUMBER+NUMBER2, ' ', NAME
                  15   HOWARD      


SUM

> SUM  -- computes and displays the sums of numeric  field(s)  of  
       database in use.  The <scope> option permits selection  of 
       the range of records to sum; FOR <exp> allows summation on 
       particular criteria; TO <memvar> stores sums to the desig-
       nated  memory variables.  Default value of <scope> is  ALL 
       non-deleted records. 

       Syntax: SUM <field> [,<field2>][<scope>][TO <memvar list>]
                              [FOR <exp>]

       Examples:

 . USE SHOPLIST [fields are ITEM, NUMBER purchased, COST of item]
 . SUM COST * NUMBER FOR ITEM = 'food'
 . SUM NUMBER FOR ITEM = 'hardware' TO HARD
 . SUM NUMBER, NUMBER*COST FOR ITEM = 'hardware' .AND. COST >9.00


TEXT

> TEXT -- in command files, allows the output of text information 
       without  use of the @ SAY or ?  commands.  dBASE will read 
       everything as text until it encounters an ENDTEXT command.


TOTAL

> TOTAL -- creates a summary version of an indexed or  pre-sorted 
       database  by  copying only records with  a  unique  <key>.  
       Specified  <key> must be key to the index or the key  upon 
       which  database is already sorted.) Records with duplicate 
       keys  are removed.   All records with the same  <key>  can 
       have  their numeric fields totalled in the TO database  by 
       using the FIELDS option.

       Syntax: TOTAL TO <file> ON <key> [FIELDS <field list>]


                           More help in DBTERM3.HLP
                                   DBase II
                              Keyword Definition


UPDATE

> UPDATE -- allows batch update of presorted or indexed  database 
       by  drawing  information  FROM designated  database  (pre-
       sorted  on same <key>).  Keys of records in USE  and  FROM 
       databases  are compared for match.  dBASE can then ADD the 
       numeric  fields  of  the FROM  database  to  corresponding 
       fields in the USE database.  It can also REPLACE character 
       or  numeric  fields of USE database with the  contents  of 
       corresponding fields of the FROM file. 

   Syntax: UPDATE FROM <file> ON <key> [ADD <field list>][REPLACE
            <field list> or <field> WITH <field list>][RANDOM]


USE

> USE <file> [INDEX <index file list>] -- specifies the  database 
       to be used for all succeeding operations.  USE  automatic-
       ally  closes previous file in USE.   INDEX option overlays 
       the  database with an index to give it an apparent  order.  
       Other indexes named will be kept current.


WAIT

>  WAIT [TO <memvar>] -- used in command files to  suspend  dBASE 
       operation  until  keyboard input of  a  single  character.  
       WAIT  TO <memvar> will automatically store keyboard  input 
       into a memory variable, and may thus be used to direct the 
       action of a command file process. 


FUNCTIONS

> @ --  @(<cstring1>,<cstring2>) -- AT function yields an integer 
       whose  value  is  the  character   number   in  <cstring2> 
       which begins a substring identical to <cstring1>.

> *  -- deleted record function evaluates as a  logical  True  if 
       current record has been marked for deletion.

> # -- record number function reports value  of  integer  corres-
       ponding to current record number. 

> !  -- !(<cstring>)  -- uppercase function yields  <cstring>  in 
       uppercase characters.

> $ -- $(<cstring>,<start>,<length>) -- substring function  forms 
       a  character  string  from the specified part  of  another 
       string.

> CHR -- CHR(<numeric exp>) -- yields the ASCII  character  equi-
       valent of the <numeric exp>.   e.g.,  ?  CHR(7) rings  the 
       bell.

> DATE() -- returns the character string that contains the System 
       Date in format xx/xx/xx. 

> EOF -- end-of-file function evaluates as True if an attempt has 
       been made to go past the last record in a database.  

> FILE -- FILE(<file>) -- existence function evaluates as a logi-
       cal  True if <file> exists on the default drive,  and as a 
       logical False if it does not.

> INT -- INT (<numeric exp>) -- integer function truncates every-
       thing to right of decimal to form an integer. 

> LEN -- LEN(<cstring>) -- length  function returns the number of  
       characters in <cstring>.  ? LEN('HELLO')

> RANK -- RANK(<cstring>) -- returns the (ASCII numeric) value of  
       the  leftmost character of <cstring>.

> STR -- STR (<numeric exp>,  <width>  [,<decimals>])  --  string 
       function  converts  a numeric expression into a  character 
       string.

> TEST  -- TEST(<exp>) -- used with  ?  and  IF,  test   function 
       determines if  <exp> is valid and parsable.  A valid <exp> 
       returns a value # 0; an invalid <exp> a value of 0.

> TRIM -- TRIM(<cstring>) - trim function removes trailing blanks 
       from <c-string>.  ? TRIM(FIRST) + ' ' + LAST.

> TYPE -- TYPE(<exp>) -- function yields a  one-character  string 
       that  contains  a 'C','N','L',  or 'U' if the <exp> is  of 
       type Character, Numeric, Logical, or Undefined. 

> VAL  -- VAL(<cstring>) -- value function converts  a  character 
       string made of numerals into a numeric expression.