[10/3/81] PART ONE FEDERALISM, PROPERTY, RACE, and JUDICIAL REVIEW 1776-1940 (Fro Pau Bres an Sanfor Levinson Processe o Constitutiona Decisionmaking Boston Littl Brow Co 2n edition 1982 Copyrigh (c 198 b Pau Bres an Sanfor Levinson.) Par On examine fou subject tha wer th focu o intens controvers durin th firs centur an an hal o th Unite States Th chapter ar organize largel accordin t th period conventionall use b constitutiona historians Joh Marshall' chief-justiceshi (1801-1835) tha o hi successor Roge Tane (1836-64) fro th en o th Civi Wa throug th mid-1930' (portion o thi chapte ar furthe subdivide int th period befor an afte abou 1890) an fro 193 throug th earl nineteen-forties. An periodizatio o event i necessaril imposed contingent an value-laden  Th secon par o thi fina chapte o Par On deviate fro th genera organizatio b tracin th doctrine o federalis throug t th presen da. .pa an w encourag yo t b aler to an critica of an claim implici i ou organization Th issue o Par On -- especiall thos o federalism propert rights an rac -- hav root i th histor betwee th Declaratio o Independenc an th adoptio o th Constitutio o 1787 W begi wit surve o thi pre- Constitutional period. I Backgroun t th Constitution I Jun 177 th Continenta Congress meetin i Philadelphia appointe committee t draf declaratio o independenc an t prepar "th for o confederatio t b entere int betwee thes colonies." Within the month the  Quote i Th Formatio o th Unio (Nationa Archive Publicatio No 70-13 34. .p Congres approve o Declaratio drafte mostl b Thoma Jefferson Th Article o Confederatio wer onl approve an submitte t th state th followin yea an wer ratifie b the las state Maryland in 1781. Althoug th ne natio wa calle "Th Unite State o America, "th Article o Confederatio wer i man way mor lik treat amon grou o smal nations tha charte fo trul unifie one. Articl I provided "Eac stat retain it sovereignty freedom an independence an ever power jurisdiction an right whic i no b thi Confederatio expressl delegate t th Unite States i Congres assembled." Representatio i th Congres wa b states eac o whic ha on vot (althoug u t seve delegate coul participat i th Congress) Th delegate wer subjec t recal b th states an thei salaries wer pai fro th stat treasuries Th Congress legislativ power wer narrowl limited I lacke th authorit t regulat interstat o foreig commerc an th powe t ta citizen o th Unite States havin instea t rel o contribution fro stat treasuries Althoug th Congres wa empowere t coi money th state retaine th powe t issu pape money whic som di wit abandon  @ Id Thi an othe quotation fro th Article ar take fro Samune Morison ed. Source an Document Illustratin th America Revolutio 1764-178 an th Formatio o th Federa Constitutio (2d ed 1965) a pp 178-86. .pa Th Article di no establis nationa judiciary o rea executiv branch The authorize Congres t establis suc "committee an civi officer a ma b necessar fo managin th genera affair o th unite state unde thei direction, an t appoin "president o th Congress wh coul onl serv singl one-yea ter i an thre years I 178 Congres establishe department o Foreig Affairs War Marine an Treasury eac unde singl secretary Governmen unde th Article prove unsatisfactory On weaknes la i th government' "financia incompetence i tur ascribabl t it lac o taxin powe an th habitua failur o th state t mee thei assessment promptly. T pa th  Alfre Kell an Winfre Harbison Th America Constitution It Origi an Developmen 9 (5t ed 1976). .pa arm an mee othe expenses th Continenta Congres wa reduce t printin pape money whos valu wa describe b th phras "no wort continental. I th absenc o congressiona powe t regulat commerce th state wer fre t negotiat trad agreement wit eac othe o erec trad barrier jus a on natio migh d wit respec t others Ne Yor too advantag o it positio a por o entr t la dutie o good boun fo Ne Jerse an Connecticut whic i tur taxe commerc originatin i Ne York. Th problem o th ne natio la muc deepe tha th inadequacie o th federa government Th Revolutionar Wa h lef th countr i sever depression Th Unite State wa exclude fro th Britis mercantil system an forclose fro trad wit th Wes Indies Th war whic ende onl i 1783 ha devastate Ne England' fishin industry whil "th los o Englis bountie o ric an indig ha muc t d wit th agricultura deca o th South. "Withi mos o th states continuou struggl wen o betwee paper-mone faction compose o smal farmers debtors an artisans an hard- mone faction compose o creditors merchants an larg planters." Legislativ victorie b debtors particularl i Rhod Island stirre grea fear withi th credito classes Shay' Rebellio i 1786 th resul o economi distress confirme fear tha collaps o th ne natio wa imminent. An governmen woul hav face sever problem i th 1780's "Ye t conservative i th Confederatio perio th economi difficultie o th da appeare t ris i considerabl par ou o th weaknes o th government an th economi crisi thu contribute t th impetu fo constitutiona reform." A earl 178 Alexande Hamilto calle fo " Genera Conventio fo th purpos o revisin an amendin th foedera Government, cal oppose b Jame Madiso fo fea tha suc conventio woul onl excit "perniciou jealousies amon th states. conventio wa propose agai i 178 -- thi tim b Virginia On hundre an sevent year later Justic Rober Jackso describe th backgroun o Virginia' call:  Id a 104. @ Id a 103. Id a 104 Historian diffe abou th exten t whic th natio wa actuall o th brin o dissolution Compar Joh Fiske' influentia book Th Critica Perio o America Histor (1888) wit Merril Jensen Th Ne Nation Histor o th Unite State Durin th Confederation 1781-178 (1950) @ paper o Jame Madiso 115-11 (Rutlan Rachal eds 1975). .pa Whe victor relieve th Colonie fro th pressur fo solidarit tha wa ha exerted drif towar anarch an commercia warfar betwee th state began " Eac Stat woul legislat accordin t it estimat o it ow interest th importanc o it ow products an th loca advantage o disadvantage o it positio i politica o commercia view. Th sol purpos fo whic Virgini initiate th movemen whic ultimatel produce th Constitutio wa "t tak int consideratio th trad o th Unite States t examin th relativ situation an trad o th sai States t conside ho fa unifor syste i thei commercia regulation ma b necessar t thei commo interest an thei permanen harmony an fo tha purpos th Genera Assembl o Virgini i 178 name commissioner an propose hei meetin wit thos fro othe states.@  @ H.P Hoo Co v DuMond 33 U.S 52 (1949). .pa A conventio hel i 178 i Annapolis Maryland sentimen fo mor genera revisio o th Article wa balance b pessimism Madiso reporte tha "Gentleme bot withi withou Congs wis t mak thi Meetin subservien t Plenipotentiar Conventio fo amendin th Confederation Tho m wishe ar i favo o suc event ye despai s muc o it accomplishmen a th presen crisi tha d no exten m view beyon Commercia Reform T spea th trut almos despai eve o this." Th repor o th Annapoli Conventio propose anothe meetin "t devis suc furthe provision a shal appea necessar t rende th constitutio o th Foedera Governmen adequat t th exigencie o th Union." An i February 178 Congres authorize conventio "fo th sol an expres purpos o revisin th Article o Confederatio an reportin t Congres an th severa legislature suc alteration an provision therei a shal whe agree t i Congres an confirme b th State rende th federa constitutio adequat t th exigencie o Governmen th preservatio o th union."  Madiso t Jefferson Augus 12 1786 i Madiso Paper 96. Formatio o th Union supr not a 50. Id. .pa Th Conventio tha me i Philadelphi i 178 ende u draftin ne Constitution Th delegate i Philadelphi kne the wer exceedin th th congressiona authorization Edmun Randolph th Governo o Virgini wh woul late becom th firs Attorne Genera o th Unite States said "Ther ar grea season whe person wit limite power ar justifie i exceedin them an perso woul b contemptibl no t ris it." Alexande Hamilto remarke tha "T rel o propos an pla no adequat t thes exigencies merel becaus i wa no clearl withou ou powers woul b t sacrific th mean t th end." Durin th campaig fo ratification Madiso defende th Convention' actions writin i Th Federalist No 4 tha th delegate "mus hav born i mind tha a th pla t b frame an propose wa t b submitte t th peopl themselves it approbatio [would blo ou anteceden error an irregularities." Th Philadelphi Conventio nearl deadlocke ove th formul fo stat representatio i ne an mor powerfu Congress Th Virgini Plan whic serve a workin draf fo muc o document i effec propose representatio i bot house base o th numbe o fre inhabitant i eac state Thi me wit oppositio fro les populou state an fro man souther states althoug i wa though tha th populatio o th Sout woul gro mor rapidl tha th North th Sout feare Norther dominatio o th Congres an th concomitan threa t th institutio o slavery Afte ove mont o passionat controversy th Conventio agree o compromise Th State wer equall represente i th Senate whil representatio i th Hous wa proportionat t th su o "whol numbe o fre persons an "three-fifth o al othe persons i eac state.  Ma Farrand ed. Th Record o th Federa Conventio o 178 (rev, ed 1937) a 26 (speec o Jun 16 1787). Id a 28 (Jun 18 1787) Se als id a 34 (Georg Mason) .pa Th Constitution' tw othe allusion t slaver -- th "migratio o importation claus o Articl an th fugitive- fro "servic o labor claus o Articl I -- als refe t th institutio indirectl an eupemistically Howeve willin th author o th Constitutio wer t acquiesc i slaver t creat singl nation the seeme ashame t overtl acknowledg it existenc i th foundin Document Luthe Marti remarke tha Revolutio "grounde upo th preservatio o thos rights t whic Go an natur ha entitle us no i particular bu i commo wit al th res o mankind an ende u b makin Constitutio tha wa a insul t tha God wh view wit equa ey th poo Africa slave an hi America master," O Septembe 17 1787 fou month afte the ha convened th member o th Conventio signe th draf Constitutio an transmitte i t Congress whic sen i fo ratificatio i convention i th states Th heate campaig ove ratificatio no onl produce serie o extraordinar article b Jame Madison Alexande Hamilton an Joh Ja -- no know a th Federalis Papers -- defendin th Constitution and som brillian article opposin it ratification no largel forgotten. On concern widel voice i th conventions wa tha th Constitutio containe n Bil o Right fro th document Th firs te amendment wer passe b th Firs Congres o th Unite State an ratifie b three-fourth o th State tw year later.  Quote i Lynd Slaver an th Foundin Fathers i Blac Histor 119-13 (M Drimmer ed 1968). @ Se Alpheu Mason ed. Th State Right Debat (1964) Cecelia Kenyon, ed., The Antifederalists (1966). .pa